What viral infection is known for affecting the immune system and potentially leading to AIDS?

The viral infection that is well-known for affecting the immune system and potentially leading to AIDS is HIV Infection. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, specifically targets the CD4 T cells, which are a crucial component of the immune system. As the virus replicates and destroys these cells, the body's ability to fight off infections diminishes, eventually leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated.

HIV's mechanism of action involves the infection and gradual depletion of immune cells, which significantly heightens susceptibility to opportunistic infections and certain cancers. This progressive deterioration of the immune system characterizes the transition from HIV infection to AIDS, making early diagnosis and treatment essential for managing the condition.

In contrast, while influenza, COVID-19, and Hepatitis B are viral infections, they do not primarily target the immune system in the same way as HIV. Influenza and COVID-19 can cause respiratory illnesses and affect different body systems, but they do not lead to a chronic condition similar to AIDS. Hepatitis B primarily affects the liver and does not have the same impact on the immune system overall. Thus, HIV Infection is distinctly recognized for its life-altering effects on immune function.